Modification of Bentonite with Nano Silica Oxide (SiO₂) for the Purification Process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO)
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Available on-line since
Sep 23, 2025
Download
Statistic
Read Counter : 18
Download : 17
Download : 17
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
The efficiency of β-carotene removal is a critical parameter in commercial refining, as it directly influences the overall process effectiveness; therefore, the selection of appropriate bleaching agents is crucial. The limited effectiveness of Bleaching Earth (BE) in refining crude palm oil (CPO) to meet color standards poses a challenge. To improve BE's performance, natural bentonite was modified with nano-SiO₂ through a facile-mixing method. Bentonite was modified with nano-SiO2 in concentrations of 5, 10, and 15% w/v, to assess the effectiveness of this modified bentonite in the CPO bleaching process. Bleaching was conducted at 90°C with a BE concentration of 0.5% w/v for 30 minutes. Characterization confirmed successful integration of modified Bentonite indicated by enhancing surface area. Bentonite modified with 15% nano-SiO2 showed a significant improvement in bleaching performance, reducing β-carotene content to 553.84 ppm compared to 630.36 ppm with unmodified bentonite. The red/yellow color value also decreased to 1.5/15 from the original CPO value of 2.1/21, along with a reduction in FFA value. The results of this study indicate that modifying bentonite with nano silica oxide offers a solution to reduce the amount of bentonite used in the bleaching process.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
License and Copyright
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright (c): Enny Nurmalasari, Agung Kurnia Yahya, Apsari Puspita Aini, Hasnah Ulia (2025)
How to Cite
Nurmalasari, E., Yahya, A., Aini, A., & Ulia, H. (2025). Modification of Bentonite with Nano Silica Oxide (SiO₂) for the Purification Process of Crude Palm Oil (CPO). MOTIVECTION : Journal of Mechanical, Electrical and Industrial Engineering, 7(3), 267-274. https://doi.org/10.46574/motivection.v7i3.448
References
[1] Abdelbasir, S. M., Shehab, A. I., & Khalek, M. A. (2023). Spent bleaching earth; recycling and utilization techniques: A review. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 17, 200124, doi: 10.1016/j.rcradv.2022.200124.
[2] de Araujo, A. L. P., Bertagnolli, C., da Silva, M. G. C., Gimenes, M. L., & de Barros, M. A. S. D. (2013). Zinc adsorption in bentonite clay: influence of pH and initial concentration. Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 35(2), 325-332, doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v35i2.13364.
[3] Chen, C., Chitose, A., Kusadokoro, M., Nie, H., Xu, W., Yang, F., & Yang, S. (2021). Sustainability and challenges in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An advanced bibliometric analysis. Energy Reports, 7, 4022-4034, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.084.
[4] Hardyanti, I. S., Nurani, I., HP, D. S. H., Apriliani, E., & Wibowo, E. A. P. (2017). Pemanfaatan Silika (SiO2) dan Bentonit sebagai adsorben logam berat Fe pada limbah batik. JST (Jurnal Sains Terapan), 3(2), doi: 10.32487/jst.v3i2.257.
[5] Hasanudin, H., Putri, Q. U., Agustina, T. E., & Hadiah, F. (2022). Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Sulfated Carbon-Zeolite Composite Catalyst. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 30(1), doi: 10.47836/pjst.30.1.21.
[6] Anis, U., Millati, R., & Hidayat, C. (2022). Optimization of crude palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil bleaching using zeolite-Fe by response surface methodology. agriTECH, 42(1), 23-29, doi: 10.22146/agritech.48114.
[7] Ismail, S., Ahmed, A. S., Anr, R., & Hamdan, S. (2016). Biodiesel production from castor oil by using calcium oxide derived from mud clam shell. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2016(1), 5274917, doi: 10.1155/2016/5274917.
[8] Yahya, A. K., Nurmalasari, E., Aini, A. P., & Ulya, H. N. (2024). Performance Evaluation of Bentonite/Nano-SiO2 Composite as Bleaching Earth in Crude Palm Oil Processing. Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Aplikasi, 27(4), 167-173, doi: 10.14710/jksa.27.4.167-173.
[9] Karunarathne, V. K., Paul, S. C., & Šavija, B. (2019). Development of nano-SiO2 and bentonite-based mortars for corrosion protection of reinforcing steel. Materials, 12(16), 2622, doi: 10.3390/ma12162622.
[10] Manyangadze, M., Chikuruwo, N. H. M., Chakra, C. S., Narsaiah, T. B., Radhakumari, M., & Danha, G. (2020). Enhancing adsorption capacity of nano-adsorbents via surface modification: A review. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(1), 25-32, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.003.
[11] Morad, N. A., Mohd Zin, R., Mohd Yusof, K., & Abdul Aziz, M. K. (2010). Process modelling of combined degumming and bleaching in palm oil refining using artificial neural network. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(11), 1381-1388, doi: 10.1007/s11746-010-1619-5.
[12] Nurulain, S., Aziz, N. A., Najib, M. S., Salim, M. R., & Manap, H. (2021, May). A review of free fatty acid determination methods for palm cooking oil. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1921, No. 1, p. 012055). IOP Publishing, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012055.
[13] Pereira, I. D. S., Lisboa, V. N. F., Silva, I. A., Figueirêdo, J. M. R., Neves, G. A., & Menezes, R. R. (2015, July). Bentonite Clays Characterization in the Town of Sossego–Paraiba State. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 820, pp. 65-70). Trans Tech Publications Ltd, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.820.65.
[14] Rizkya, I., Syahputri, K., Sari, R. M., & Situmorang, D. S. (2020, May). Lean manufacturing: Waste analysis in crude palm oil process. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 851, No. 1, p. 012058). IOP Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/851/1/012058.
[15] Valasques, G. S., Dos Santos, A. M. P., da Silva, D. L. F., da Mata Cerqueira, U. M. F., Ferreira, S. L. C., Dos Santos, W. N. L., & Bezerra, M. A. (2020). Extraction induced by emulsion breaking for As, Se and Hg determination in crude palm oil by vapor generation-AFS. Food chemistry, 318, 126473, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126473.
[16] Khairati, M., Aini, A. P., Nurmalasari, E., & Yahya, A. K. (2025). Comparison of Different Types of Bleaching Earth on the Quality of Bleaching Palm Oil (BPO). Eksergi, 22(1), 39-47, doi:https://doi.org/10.31315/eksergi.v22i1.13311
[17] Yuliana, M., Sutrisno, R. J., Hermanto, S., Ismadji, S., Wijaya, C. J., Santoso, S. P., ... & Ju, Y. H. (2020). Hydrophobic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-pillared bentonite as an effective palm oil bleaching agent. ACS omega, 5(44), 28844-28855, doi: Top of the Document
[18] Ifa, L., Wiyani, L., Nurdjannah, N., Ghalib, A. M. T., Ramadhaniar, S., & Kusuma, H. S. (2021). Analysis of bentonite performance on the quality of refined crude palm oil's color, free fatty acid and carotene: the effect of bentonite concentration and contact time. Heliyon, 7(6)., doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07230.
[2] de Araujo, A. L. P., Bertagnolli, C., da Silva, M. G. C., Gimenes, M. L., & de Barros, M. A. S. D. (2013). Zinc adsorption in bentonite clay: influence of pH and initial concentration. Acta Scientiarum. Technology, 35(2), 325-332, doi: 10.4025/actascitechnol.v35i2.13364.
[3] Chen, C., Chitose, A., Kusadokoro, M., Nie, H., Xu, W., Yang, F., & Yang, S. (2021). Sustainability and challenges in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil: An advanced bibliometric analysis. Energy Reports, 7, 4022-4034, doi: 10.1016/j.egyr.2021.06.084.
[4] Hardyanti, I. S., Nurani, I., HP, D. S. H., Apriliani, E., & Wibowo, E. A. P. (2017). Pemanfaatan Silika (SiO2) dan Bentonit sebagai adsorben logam berat Fe pada limbah batik. JST (Jurnal Sains Terapan), 3(2), doi: 10.32487/jst.v3i2.257.
[5] Hasanudin, H., Putri, Q. U., Agustina, T. E., & Hadiah, F. (2022). Esterification of Free Fatty Acid in Palm Oil Mill Effluent using Sulfated Carbon-Zeolite Composite Catalyst. Pertanika Journal of Science & Technology, 30(1), doi: 10.47836/pjst.30.1.21.
[6] Anis, U., Millati, R., & Hidayat, C. (2022). Optimization of crude palm (Elaeis guineensis) oil bleaching using zeolite-Fe by response surface methodology. agriTECH, 42(1), 23-29, doi: 10.22146/agritech.48114.
[7] Ismail, S., Ahmed, A. S., Anr, R., & Hamdan, S. (2016). Biodiesel production from castor oil by using calcium oxide derived from mud clam shell. Journal of Renewable Energy, 2016(1), 5274917, doi: 10.1155/2016/5274917.
[8] Yahya, A. K., Nurmalasari, E., Aini, A. P., & Ulya, H. N. (2024). Performance Evaluation of Bentonite/Nano-SiO2 Composite as Bleaching Earth in Crude Palm Oil Processing. Jurnal Kimia Sains Dan Aplikasi, 27(4), 167-173, doi: 10.14710/jksa.27.4.167-173.
[9] Karunarathne, V. K., Paul, S. C., & Šavija, B. (2019). Development of nano-SiO2 and bentonite-based mortars for corrosion protection of reinforcing steel. Materials, 12(16), 2622, doi: 10.3390/ma12162622.
[10] Manyangadze, M., Chikuruwo, N. H. M., Chakra, C. S., Narsaiah, T. B., Radhakumari, M., & Danha, G. (2020). Enhancing adsorption capacity of nano-adsorbents via surface modification: A review. South African Journal of Chemical Engineering, 31(1), 25-32, doi: 10.1016/j.sajce.2019.11.003.
[11] Morad, N. A., Mohd Zin, R., Mohd Yusof, K., & Abdul Aziz, M. K. (2010). Process modelling of combined degumming and bleaching in palm oil refining using artificial neural network. Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, 87(11), 1381-1388, doi: 10.1007/s11746-010-1619-5.
[12] Nurulain, S., Aziz, N. A., Najib, M. S., Salim, M. R., & Manap, H. (2021, May). A review of free fatty acid determination methods for palm cooking oil. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series (Vol. 1921, No. 1, p. 012055). IOP Publishing, doi: 10.1088/1742-6596/1921/1/012055.
[13] Pereira, I. D. S., Lisboa, V. N. F., Silva, I. A., Figueirêdo, J. M. R., Neves, G. A., & Menezes, R. R. (2015, July). Bentonite Clays Characterization in the Town of Sossego–Paraiba State. In Materials Science Forum (Vol. 820, pp. 65-70). Trans Tech Publications Ltd, doi: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/MSF.820.65.
[14] Rizkya, I., Syahputri, K., Sari, R. M., & Situmorang, D. S. (2020, May). Lean manufacturing: Waste analysis in crude palm oil process. In IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering (Vol. 851, No. 1, p. 012058). IOP Publishing. doi: 10.1088/1757-899X/851/1/012058.
[15] Valasques, G. S., Dos Santos, A. M. P., da Silva, D. L. F., da Mata Cerqueira, U. M. F., Ferreira, S. L. C., Dos Santos, W. N. L., & Bezerra, M. A. (2020). Extraction induced by emulsion breaking for As, Se and Hg determination in crude palm oil by vapor generation-AFS. Food chemistry, 318, 126473, doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126473.
[16] Khairati, M., Aini, A. P., Nurmalasari, E., & Yahya, A. K. (2025). Comparison of Different Types of Bleaching Earth on the Quality of Bleaching Palm Oil (BPO). Eksergi, 22(1), 39-47, doi:https://doi.org/10.31315/eksergi.v22i1.13311
[17] Yuliana, M., Sutrisno, R. J., Hermanto, S., Ismadji, S., Wijaya, C. J., Santoso, S. P., ... & Ju, Y. H. (2020). Hydrophobic cetyltrimethylammonium bromide-pillared bentonite as an effective palm oil bleaching agent. ACS omega, 5(44), 28844-28855, doi: Top of the Document
[18] Ifa, L., Wiyani, L., Nurdjannah, N., Ghalib, A. M. T., Ramadhaniar, S., & Kusuma, H. S. (2021). Analysis of bentonite performance on the quality of refined crude palm oil's color, free fatty acid and carotene: the effect of bentonite concentration and contact time. Heliyon, 7(6)., doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e07230.